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[Translation Practice] Political Science 319: The GATT/WTO Trading System 관세 및 무역에 관한 일반 협정 쳬계

Let's first look at how state power and structure of trade affects Trading System.

Existence of Hegemonic leadership
- rationale (reason /evidence)

winners vs. losers [domestically] -> incur collective action and involuntary defection [cf. Putnam]

승자와 패배자의 세상 ->
단체행동과 본의 아닌 탈퇴를 막는다.

Hegemon must bear the domestic, political, economic, and social costs
 *tries to find some way to avoid involuntary defection -> creates institutions.

해지몬은 모든 국내 정치적인, 경제적인, 사회적인 값을 감당해야한다. 그래서 본의 아닌 탈당을 막기 위함이다.
이걸위해서 해지몬은 "기관"을 설립한다.

GATT (General Agreements on Tariff and Trade) Framework (international institutions)
- rationale (reason / evidence) (이유,증거)

관세 및 무역에 관한 일반 협정의 쳬계


winners vs. losers [domestically] <- supports collective action and impedes involuntary defection. [cf. Putnam]

국내의 승리자와 패배자들의 세상에서 단체 행동과 본의아닌 탈당을 방해하거나 지연시킨다.

Reciprocal trade agreements (상호간의/호혜)
- issue (주제,안건, 쟁점, 사안) linkage (결합, 연결) (i.e. bargaining (협상) by state actors)
- collective (공동의; 단체의) action (행동) (i.e. benefits for domestic interest groups) ...
["embedded (끼워넣다) liberalism" compromise (협상) - cf. Rugge] - "temporary protection built in"

- 주제 결합; 단체행동; 협상

 "free rider" problem [internationally] <- PD
- Transparency -> Information
- Reciprocal enforcement (i.e. Tit-for-Tat)

무임승차문제를 해결하기위해 문제나 주제들의 투명성을 찾는다.
상호간의 집행을 강조한다.

상호간의 집행을 강조하기 위해서, 주제들의 쳬게화와, 계속된 무역과, 민영화 (상호 작용이 중요하다)를 선택한다.


Purpose (관세 및 무역에 관한 일반 협정 쳬게의 목적)
["international peace and security" cf. UN Charter] - economic dependence; invisible hand;
국제 평화와 보안이 주 목적으로써 보이지않는 손과 경제적인 외존성을 일으키거나 내린다.
"freer" and "fairer (states won't cheat)"
좀더 자유롭고 공정한 거래들을 위한다.
- Welfare (복지) vs. Distribution (분배)

Principles (관세 및 무역에 관한 일반 협정의 체계의 원칙)
- Multiateralism (negotiation)
(핵무기 해재를 위한) 다자간 (개인과 여려 사람 사이) 공동 정책을 원칙으로 한다.

- Unconditional reciprocity
무조건적인 호혜를 원칙으로 한다. 또한, 구체적인 호혜와 보편적인 호혜를 원칙으로 한다.
주제들간의 결합을 중요시한다.

- Nondiscrimination
- 차별이 없는 거래를 원칙으로 한다.
-> MFN (최혜국(국제 무역에서 가장 유리한 대우를 받는 국가)
- Transparency
상호간의 정보들의 투명성을 주장한다.
- Impartiality (adjudication)
공평성을 주장한다. 

Process (과정)

- Ministerial (장관[각료]의) Conferences (회의,회담)-> Agenda
- Trade Rounds (연속 발달;진행) - multiple rounds
- Problem of "large numbers" [cf. Olson]
상당히 많은 수의 문제

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